As pants the hart (HWV 251) is an anthem composed by George Frideric Handel for the Chapel Royal of Queen Anne and subsequently revised. There are five versions of the work (indicated by the letters a to e), the first being completed in 1713, and the final in 1738. HWV 251a was the first anthem Handel composed for the Chapel Royal.
The 1713 version is an early example of Handel setting words in English, which was his third language. The anthem takes its title from the first line, the incipit, of Psalm 42. The rest of the text - it is the same for all of Handel’s versions of the anthem - is also taken from the psalm, and has been attributed to John Arbuthnot.[1] Arbuthnot clearly based his work on earlier translations, as the text opens with lines from Tate and Brady’s metrical version, but reverts at verse two to the Prayer Book version.
Handel met with royal favour in 1713 and received a major commission, the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate to commemorate the Peace of Utrecht. Soon after the introduction of HWV 251a to the Chapel Royal repertoire, Handel was awarded a pension from Queen Anne of ₤200 per annum. The royal patronage continued under the Hanoverians. In 1723 (soon after the composition of HWV 251d), Handel received a second pension, granted to him as "Composer to the Chapel Royal". This second pension brought Handel’s total annual income from court pensions and his position as "Music Master to the Royal Princesses" to ₤600—a considerable sum for the time.
In Handel’s day, all parts were sung by male voices—typically twelve boys and twelve men.
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HWV 251a was probably written between December 1712 and May 1713. Along with its partner HWV 251d, it is the only anthem Handel wrote that is scored for organ and basso continuo alone. It was not written for a grand public occasion (typical of Handel’s other anthems), but rather for use in the routine services of the Chapel Royal.
Even though the text is the same for all versions of HWV 251, the voice scoring differs. For example, in the HWV 251a version, the movement Tears are my daily food... was written for solo alto, and the movement Why so full of grief... was written for treble and alto (these can be compared with the voice scoring in HWV 251d—below).
HWV 251b was written in 1717 for James Brydges, and it is believed to have first been performed at St Lawrence, Whitchurch, London (the parish church for the Cannons estate). It is number six of the eleven so-called Chandos Anthems[2], but authorities agreed that it is one of the earliest of the set.
This version replaces the original organ accompaniment with an orchestral one, scored for the small orchestra based at Cannons. The choir at Cannons seems to have been smaller than the Chapel Royal. This version features a three-part chorus rather than the normal four parts, but it is not known how many singers Handel envisaged per part.
The structure for this version is as follows:[3]
| Movement | Type | Voicing | Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sonata | Orchestra (strings, oboe, bassoon, organ) |
|
| 2 | Trio and chorus | Trio (soprano, tenor, bass) and chorus (soprano, tenor, bass) |
As pants the hart for cooling streams, so longs my soul for thee, O God. |
| 3 | Solo | Soprano |
Tears are my daily food: while thus they say, where is now thy God? |
| 4 | Recitative | Tenor | Now when I think thereupon, I pour out my heart by myself: for I went with the multitude, and brought them out into the house of God. |
| 5 | Chorus | Soprano, tenor, bass | In the voice of praise and thanksgiving: among such as keep holy day. |
| 6 | Duet | Soprano and tenor | Why so full of grief, O my soul: why so disquiet within me? |
| 7 | Solo & chorus | Tenor soloist and chorus (soprano, tenor, bass) |
Put thy trust in God: for I will praise him. |
HWV 251c is an orchestrated version of the anthem, and its composition almost immediately followed the composition of HWV 251d.
HWV 251d was completed in 1722 and marked Handel’s return to active participation at the Chapel Royal. It is a continuo-only scoring, and there is no direct evidence that it was ever performed in Handel’s time. It has the following structure:
| Movement | Type | Voicing | Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sextet | Treble I, treble II, alto, tenor, bass I, and bass II |
As pants the hart for cooling streams, so longs my soul for thee, O God. |
| 2 | Solo | Alto and quartet (treble, alto, tenor, bass) |
Tears are my daily food: while thus they say, where is now thy God? |
| 2 | Recitative | Bass | Now when I think thereupon, I pour out my heart by myself: for I went with the multitude, and brought them out into the house of God. |
| 3 | Chorus | In the voice of praise and thanksgiving: among such as keep holy day. | |
| 4 | Duet | Alto I and alto II | Why so full of grief, O my soul: why so disquiet within me? |
| 5 | Chorus | Put thy trust in God: for I will praise him. |
A typical performance takes about 12 minutes.
HWV 251e is a version of the anthem written for a benefit evening at the King’s Theatre, Haymarket in 1738. It was based on HWV 251c, but the initial, instrumental sinfonia was extended with another movement and a concluding Alleluja movement was added to the anthem. Also, "Now, when I think thereupon", originally a solo movement in C major, was changed into D minor and split into a solo recitative followed by a unison tenor and bass chorus on the text "For I went with the multitude". In the original setting at the King's Theatre, the orchestra consisted of oboes, bassoons, strings and keyboard continuo.[4]
Complete scores for three versions of this anthem can be found at the International Music Score Library Project.